Nokia 6

This is the first phone from Nokia system Android - Nokia 6 and at a price of $ 250 

Phone specifications:

• Structure of aluminum with a fingerprint reader in home button
• Magnitude 5.5 screen resolution Full HD protected inch layer of Gorilla Glass 3
• Kowalkm Snapdragon processor 430
• 4 gigabytes of RAM
• Internal memory storage with 64 gigabytes external memory support up to 256 gigabytes
• Background accuracy 16 Miqapeixl camera and front-accuracy 8 Miqapeixl
• Battery is removable capacity of 3000 mAh supports fast shipping
• Android 7.0 system Noga
• Support segments connected
• Available in black only

WHICH ONE IS THE BEST, Mechanical tilting or Electrical tilting ? 

<1>  Mechanical tilting :  

* With mechanical down tilting, the main beam will be down tilted but the                               

  back lobe will be up tilted that make interference. 

 * With mechanical tilting you can’t change the tilt of one band alone. 

<2>  Electrical  tilting :  

* With electrical down tilting, the main beam will be down tilted but the                              

   back lobe will not be up tilted so back lobe interference decreased. 

* With electrical tilting you can change the tilt of any band alone. 

   So Electrical Tilting is better than Mechanical Tilting

Types of Tilting: 

*  Mechanical Tilting  : tilting the physical body of the antenna 

*  Electrical Tilting: change the phase of the current fed the internal 

   dipoles which will result in tilting the main beam. 

Antenna Tilting:  

     Direction of the antenna vertical beam. 

Types of tilting: 

    No Tilt: The vertical beam of the antenna is directed towards the horizon. 

    Down Tilt: The vertical beam of the antenna is directed lower the horizon. 

    Up Tilt: The vertical beam of the antenna is directed above the horizon. 

   

what is STEAM

Effectively the iTunes Store for PC games, Steam is a game distribution platform, created in 2002 by the Valve Corporation, that has become a popular hangout for millions  all over the world of serious PC gamers. you install the Steam application on your PC, create an account, add payment details and can then use it to buy and download games, join multiplayer games and chat with other Steam users. The advantage of using Steam is that, because you don’t have actual discs which could get damaged, or lost , it is so easy to re-download and reinstall games at any time. And it saves your game progress in the cloud,so you can log in to your Steam account on someone else’s home computer, play any game and not interfere with  their saved games.  

Dedicated Control Channels 

*  Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)  

         <1>  Used for signaling purposed: call setup, location update, IMSI 

                 attach – detach. 

         <2>  Used to send / receive SMS in idle mode.  

*  Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) 

         <1>  Always allocated with traffic channel to transmit measurement 

                 reports. 

         <2>  DL: Commands from the network to the MS to adjust its power, 

                 Timing advance (TA). 

         <3>  UL: information about the MS own power, received signal 

                 strength, quality and SS for neighbor cells. 

         <4>  Used to send SMS in active mode. 

*  Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) 

         <1>  Transmits handover information.

Common Control Channels

  To or from a certain BTS to a single mobile 

*  Paging Channel (PCH) 

        BTS Transmits a paging message to indicate an incoming call or 

        short message. The paging message contains the identity number 

        of the mobile subscriber that the network wishes to contact. (DL) 

*  Random Access Channel (RACH) 

        MS Answers paging message on the RACH by requesting a signaling 

        channel of SDCCH.  (UL) 

*  Access Grant Channel (AGCH) 

        Assigns a signaling channel (SDCCH) to the MS. (BCH)or as it called (DL)

Broadcast Channels (BCH) 

  From Single BTS to all the mobiles in the area 

• Frequency Correction Control Channel (FCCH)                                                                           *  Pure signal is transmitted to help the MS to lock on the frequency on the BTS

• Synchronization Channel (SCH) 

                  *  Carries 2 important pieces of information
                            <1> TDMA frame number (max = 2715684 ) 
                            <2> Base station identity Code (BSIC) 

• Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) 

            *  Broadcasts some general cell information such as: 

                <1> Location Area Identity (LAI), 
                <2> maximum output power allowed in the cell  
                <3> The identity of BCCH carriers for neighboring cells. 
                <4> Cell parameters (Power , idle mode parameters)

Control Channels 

    These are used to carry signaling or synchronization data. They are divided into 

     three types: 

1.    Broadcast Channels (BCH) 
2.    Common Control Channels (CCCH) 
3.    Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH’s)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

Traffic Channel 

  Carries either encoded speech or user data up and down link between a single 

     mobile and a single BTS. 

Types of traffic channel:  

 *  Full rate (TCH)   

       Transmits full rate speech (13 Kbits/s). A full rate TCH occupies 

          one physical channel. 

 *  Half rate (TCH/2)    

       Transmits half rate speech (6.5 Kbits/s). 

       Two half rate TCH’s can share one physical channel, thus doubling the capacity 

          of a cell.

Operation and maintenance center (OMC) 

•  The operation and Maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in 

the SS (the GMSC, MSCs, HLR, VLR, AUC, EIR and the BSCs). 

•  It can be viewed as a computerized monitoring center were staff can monitor 

and control the network remotely 

Equipment identification register (EIR) 

•  Because the subscriber and equipment are separate in GSM, it is necessary to 

have a separate authentication process for the MS equipment. 

•  The equipment identification procedure uses the identity of the equipment 

itself (IMEI) to ensure that the MS terminal equipment is valid.

Authentication center (AUC). 

    * To protect GSM systems, the following security functions have been defined: 

            Subscriber authentication: by performing authentication, the network 

            ensures that no unauthorized users can access the network, including 

            those that are attempting to impersonate others.  

  

            Radio information ciphering: the information sent between the network 

               and a MS is ciphered. A MS can only decipher information intended for it.

Visitor location register (VLR) 

•  The role of a VLR in a GSM network is to act as a temporary storage location for 

subscription information for MSs, which are within a particular MSC service 

area.  

•  Thus, there is one VLR for each MSC service area.  This means that the MSC 

does not have to contact the HLR (which may be located in another country) 

every time the subscriber uses a service or changes its status.  

•   The VLR is always integrated with the MSC

•  For the duration when the MS is within one MSC service area, then the VLR 

   contains a complete copy of the necessary subscription details, including the 

   following information:  

  Identity numbers for the subscriber  

  Supplementary service information (e.g. Does the subscriber has call 

     waiting activated or not) 

  Activity of MS (e.g. idle or busy) 

  Current Location Area of MS

Home location register (HLR) 

•  The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and manages all mobile 

subscriptions belonging to a specific operator.  

•  It acts as a permanent store for a person’s subscription information until that 

subscription is cancelled.  

* The primary functions of the HLR include: 

   Stores for each mobile subscriber: 

1. •  Basic subscriber categories. 
2. •  Supplementary services. 
3. •  Current location. 
4. •  Allowed/barred services. 
5. •  Authentication data.  

   Subscription database management  

Gateway mobile switching center (GMSC) 

*  Gateway functionality enables an MSC to interrogate a HLR in order to route a 

mobile terminating call. It is not used in calls from MS’s to any terminal other 

than another MS.  

MSC

Mobile switching center (MSC)   The primary node in a GSM network is the MSC. It is the node, which calls both to MS’s and from MS’s.

The primary functions of an MSC include the following:

  Switching and call routing to or from MS 

  Charging 

  Service provisioning 

  Control of connected BSC’s 

  Direct access to Internet services 

(Base station controller (BSC

  The BSC is the central node within a BSS and co-ordinates the actions of Base 

Stations. The BSC controls a major part of the radio network  

  Hand over calculations 

 Power control calculations 

  Supervises the transmission network and the operation of each BTS 

Nokia-BSC 

(Base transceiver station (BTS

  A BTS acts as the interface between MS’s and the network, by providing radio *

coverage functions from their antennae to provide the coverage area for one 

cell

 Converts the GSM radio signals into a format that can be recognized by the BSC* 

  Ciphering using the ciphering key* 

  Channel coding and interleaving* 

  Modulation and demodulation* 

 Records and passes to the BSC the Signal strength measurements*

(Mobile station (MS 

 The Mobile Station is the interface between the user and the network  

The MS consists of two independent parts 

  Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card

 ( Mobile equipment (ME

How to find the good book on internet PDF

   the answer in this website  http://www.pdfdrive.com you will find the best free book that you seeking for

The Nokia 3310 is back. Sort of. The iconic, indestructible phone has been redesigned 17 years after it first launched. The new Nokia 3310 is smaller, sleeker and reportedly has 22 hours of talk time with a one-month battery life on   standby.And without doubt the Snake.game available too

the Nokia 3310 has a 2.4-inch colour screen, Bluetooth 3.0, an FM radio, LED torch, microSD card support up to 32GB and a 2MP camera

  SONY Z1 GO OFF BEFORE BATTERY RUN OUT SEVERAL TIMES

BECAUSE THE BATTERY IS FADED AND ITS NEED TO BE CHANGED 

 Transmission Report

           

      There is a types of transmission like coaxial cable, optical fiber, microwave antennas, satellite,..etc  , this transmission mediums used to carry the voice signal after transformed to electric signal ,the signal came from mobile station to BTS then the signal modulated and up-down conversion had happen to it then the signal sent to the audio (microwave antenna) through IF cable then the signal go in its way to BSC the signal will received by the audio of the BSC the received signal level (RSL) for the received signal must its RSL less than (-60 dB), if the RSL equal or greater than (-90)dB that means the two audios not seen each others because of weather or there is no alignment between them for some reason, the alignment should happen between tow audios to be able to send and receive from each other, or other problem may happens like noise ,free space losses (FSL), attenuation , rain attenuation, ..etc, and   there is multipath losses it happens because the alignment between the audios blocked by terrestrial objects so it should take another way, the fade margin between (-45_-90)dB, some of these audios has a backup audios, if the damage happen, when the first one goes down the second one handle the process there is two ways of setting a backup  hot standby (HSB) and space diversity (SD), as the distance increase between the audios the frequency should decrease and vice versa, and there is upper (U) and lower (L) microwave units according .to the frequency of transmitting and receiving frequency

IP and core

     The IP work based on the RNC ,BSC and switch connected to routers by Ethernet links and from the other hand the switch connected to other governorate by leased line or microwave link they used the juniper routers in zain company and there is other types like cisco, Huawei ,…etc there is other governorate like samawa its juniper not connected to RNC or BSC and other governorate like kut not connected to RNC only BSC connected to the juniper .

     The core work based on multiple things like there is ,the MSC which is divided into two parts MSS for control and MGW for signaling , VAS value added service this one responsible for services of ring callback , CBS it is in charge of checking if the customer able to handle the payment of the call or not  when its yes the call continue else the call aborted , GCS is responsible for the line of the call will be shorter than without it ,and there is  HLR which is in charge of locating the mobile ,HLR and GCS there is three of each one of then two in Baghdad and one in basrah. 

There is two systems of connection for the sites used in zain 2G and 3G, 2G is the old type of connection which is still used the BSC connected to the MGW then connected to BTS,BTS connected to SIU to be over IP (OIP) , the BSC also connected to MSS but connected to transcoder before connected to MGW then connected to MSS , BSC and transcoder may be in the same place or in separated places ,there is a cards inside of the BSC called PGW which is responsible for the traffic and there is others called NWI responsible for switching of input and output IPs, and the BSC also connected to OSS ,SGSN and OSR .

      3G is the new type of connection which is used RNC instead of BSC and RBS(NodeB) instead of BTS and in this type it used OML for each RBS and there is OML between RNC and the juniper, and there is heartbeat failure alarm for each site(RBS) down not like 2G because the heartbeat failure appear just when the BSC down because RNC connected to each RBS ,there is no alarms like open door or ac failure unit or aviation light failure in 3G because  all of them connected in 2G system ,sometimes in 3G they linked the sectors in AB method which is allow working with two frequencies GSM and DCS one of them 900MHz and the other is 1800MHz then when we check the site is look like we have 6sectors but we have just three every one used two frequencies  and in 3G system we can enter into any RBS remotely not like 2G is more difficult we should set programs and components to make it available ,the signal that coming from RBS to the juniper should linked before to the SIU to be over IP (OIP) then to transmission  then to the juniper then the juniper linked to OSR and OSS which is used for  remotely login to the sites, the juniper also connected to RNC by two types of links: Ethernet link for OML and there is one or two optical fiber links for call and packets (signal and traffic) ,they used two fiber cables when there is a big traffic, one cable can't handle it ,one cable for the sites and their signal and the other for calls and data.     

Report about BSS

In 2G the OML which is responsible of bringing alarms only connected to the BSC connected to the transcoder the transcoder and BSC may in the same place or in separated places, and there is cards  in BSC (PGW  for traffic issues and NWI for switching issues ).the BSC also connected to the sites by microwave ,and the mobile station when it need to communicate it  communicate with the nearest site to it, the BSC also connected to MGW and the MGW connected to the MSS .

     In 3G the OML connected to each site so if only one site down the heartbeat failure will be appeared in the screen of the computer of the terminal , instead of BSC in 2G there is  RNC and RBS instead of BTS ,and each RBS connected to the juniper and the juniper connected to RNC  by Ethernet link  for OML and one or two optical fiber cables for call and packets, and the juniper from the other hand also connected to OSR and OSS ,OSS responsible for remotely login to the RBS (any RBS ) it’s more difficult in 2G than 3G, and 2G and 3G has a different frequencies.